Probable cause of bipolar disorder

Probable cause of bipolar disorder Free Online Research Papers In the last few years, doctors find the probable cause of bipolar disorder is an inherited lack of stability in nerve impulse transmission in the brain. This biochemical brain problem causes people with bipolar disorder to be more susceptible to physical and emotional stresses. Researchers have found several genes that could be linked to the disorder. This may explain why bipolar disorder seems to run in families. Bipolar itself means two poles as it is characterized by mood swings. The manic episode begins with increased energy, creativity, and social ease that can easily go into uncontrollable anger, agitation, and feelings of being irritable. The other side of the pole, depression, is a lack of energy, feeling sad, worthlessness, and thoughts of suicide. These mood swings are totally unrelated to things going on in the person’s life. Bipolar disorder affects close to 1% of the population of the United States. As many as one-fifth of the 3 million people in the United States who develop bipolar disorder eventually find the emotional ride intolerable and kill themselves (Bower 232). Suicide is, in fact, the second major cause of death worldwide in women between the ages of 15 and 44. Almost all of these suicides are connected to mental illness, and most mental illnesses are treatable (Jamison 80).People with bipolar disorder experience depressive episodes consisting of sadness, low energy, worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts alternating with manic episodes of euphoria,inflated self-esteem, and high energy levels. This disorder with its mood swings can permanently disable people, and without treatment, one out of five commit suicide. Many people with bipolar disorder are very intelligent, creative, and talented. With this creativity comes madness, they are very emotionally sensitive; they lack confidence in themsel ves and their relationships, and in the working world. Many have learned to overcome the madness and manage the disorder; they are successful artist, actors, poets, writers, and college graduates. Their success is due to drug therapy, psychotherapy, and behavior management. Once a person understands the causes and symptoms of the illness itself, they will be able to take control of their treatment and learn to manage it. Most doctors believe that bipolar disorder is primarily biological rather than psychological. A number of genes have been identified that may be related to the disorder. Bipolar disorder seems to run in families. Dr. John Nurnberger, a recognized authority and researcher on the disorder stated, If a first-degree relative is affected with bipolar illness, one’s risk is 25 percent, as compared with about 7 percent in the general population. For a child with two affected parents, it’s 50 percent. If one’s identical twin is affected, the risk is about 65% (Post†¦ 271). If you have a number of relatives with the bipolar disorder or depression, the chance may be greater. There is no one proven cause of bipolar disorder. Medical research is trying to find a connection between the illness and chemical deficits with the brain cells. It suggests that bipolar disorder is most likely an inherited problem somehow related to a lack of stability in the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain due to chemical deficits. Serotonin is the most common believed deficit, two others are norephinephrine and dopamine. This biochemical imbalance makes those with bipolar disorder more susceptible to physical and emotional stress. If there is some kind of trauma, lack of sleep, substance use, or some other over stimulation, the normal brain function for restoring calm don’t always work right. Additionally, medical conditions such as strokes, hyperthyroidism, encephalitis, seizure disorders, and tumors can bring about the mania associated with bipolar disorder. Certain drugs may have the same effect (Bipolar†¦ 2). Both magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomographic scans show structural abnormalities called hyperintensities, referred to as unidentified bright objects (UBOs), in the brains of many manic-depressives (Leutwyler 47). It is only a matter of time before researchers know more. Researchers know chemical deficiencies in the brain cause certain types of physical symptoms and that is why they feel it is related to the symptoms of bipolar disorder .Bipolar disorder is identified by highs and lows in moods. There are actually four different types of mood episodes namely manic, hypomanic, depression, and mixed. Each episode has its own distinct set of symptoms. Mania (manic episode) can start out with the person feeling energetic, creative, and socially at ease, but can quickly escalate into anger, agitation, and aggression. During the manic stage a person may have trouble functioning in a normal way. Usually at least four of the following symptoms are present: Feeling euphoric (high) or dysphoric irritable).Requiring very little sleep yet having large amounts of energy.Thoughts racing through your mind.Talking so rapidly that others can’t follow what you are saying.Your mind is distracted and jumping from thought to thought. Delusions of grandeur (feeling powerful and important).Doing reckless things without worrying or being concerned about the consequences, such as spending too much money or inappropriate sexual activity. There may also be psychotic symptoms such as delusions believing things that aren’t true) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t there. Hypomania is similar to mania but with less severe symptoms. It is characterized as feeling better than usual, elevated mood, and feeling productive. Many people with bipolar disorder like this feeling and sometimes will even quit taking their medication just to attain it. Hypomania doesn’t last and soon they are either become manic or crash into depression. Depression has the following symptoms that can last for at least two weeks and can interfere with functioning. The symptoms are feeling blue, sad, or losing interest in things you normally enjoy. Having at least four of the following symptoms is another sigh of depression: Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, Eating too much or too little, Having trouble making decisions or concentrating, Feeling slowed down or feeling too agitated to sit still, Having low self-esteem or feeling worthless, Loss of energy or feeling tired all the time, Thoughts of suicide or death, There may also be hallucinations or delusions. Mixed episodes can be the most disabling of all. This episode has both symptoms of mania and depression at the same time or alternating back and forth during the day. A person may feel excitable and agitated as in mania, but also feel depressed and irritable. Mixed episodes are more common in women, and the causes do make sense.Three possible gender differences in the course of bipolar disorder have been suggested. (1) The prevalence of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder is higher among bipolar women than among bipolar men. (2) Bipolar women may be at a higher risk for depressive episodes, and at a lower risk for manic episodes, than bipolar men. (3) Bipolar women may be more likely than bipolar men to have mixed, as opposed to pure, mania (Leibenluft 6). These differences may be caused by the hypothyroidism, which is more common in women and gonadal steroids (hormones and menstrual cycles). Also there is a high chance of depression during the postpartum period. Since women have a higher chance of depression, then some rapid cycling and mixed states could be due to the medications treating the depression.The symptoms of the different types of episodes help the doctor to diagnose what type of bipolar disorder a person has. There are four types, and they are bipolar type I, bipolar type II, rapid cycling, and schizoaffective. Bipolar type I is characterized by manic or mixed episodes and usually depressions. You can be diagnosed bipolar I even after just one manic episode. It is very likely you will have depressive episodes in the future as well as more mania, if left untreated. Bipolar type II is characterized as hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes only. This type is very hard to diagnose as you avoid getting into trouble, are very happy and have a lot of energy. Most of the time you have depression and are treated with only an anti-depressant, causing the medication to trigger mania or set off more frequent cycles. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder occurs when you have at least four episodes per year. This can be any combination of manic, hypomanic, depressive or mixed. This course pattern is seen in approximately 5-15% of patients with bipolar disorder(Kahn 82). One cause maybe from taking anti-depressants, which can trigger mania, followed by a crash back to depression. This causes a continual roller coaster of ups and downs. Schizoaffective disorder is a condition that overlaps bipolar disorder. In bipolar disorder psychotic symptoms may occur during a severe manic or depressive episode but disappear as after the episode. With schizoaffective disorder, the psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions persist even when the mood symptoms are under control. Dual diagnosis occurs when you have bipolar disorder and another mental disorder such as an addiction (substance abuse), personality disorders, attention deficit disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorders. Having one or more additional disorders makes diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder more difficult. Substance abuse history lowers the chances of remission from acute mania. Patients with bipolar disorder with histories of substance abuse were most likely males not taking their medications and having suicidal ideations. Patients with mixed mania were more likely than those with pure mania to abuse alcohol, hallucinogens, amphetamines/stimulants, or sedative/hypnotics. Bipolar disorder can be treated in a combination of ways. There is medication for the acute manic episode and preventative treatment, psychotherapy, behavior modification and electroshock therapy. According to psychologist Kay Redfield Jamison who also struggles with bipolar disorder, Lithium (one of the most used medications)†¦makes psychotherapy possible†¦but ineffably, psychotherapy heals (Bower 233). This means to me that medication and psychotherapy go hand in hand. The two most important medications used to control the symptoms of bipolar disorder are mood stabilizers and antidepressants. Other medications that may be prescribed are sleepaids, anti-anxieties, or anti-psychotic medications.For acute manic, hypomanic, mixed episodes, and occasionally depression, mood stabilizers are used. In the United States the most commonly used mood stabilizers are Lithium, Valproate (Depakote), and Carbamazepine (Tegretol). Lithium is used for patients with more euphoric moods, Depakote or Tegretol if your mood is mixed or irritable or rapid cycling. Depakote and Tegretol are anti-epileptic medications that work on calming the brain. Researchers aren’t sure how Lithium works. Lithium is eliminated by the kidney and the primary elimination route for the older anti-epileptic agents (Depakote and Tegretol) is liver metabolism (Lam 1). Blood tests are performed to determine the correct dosage and also to watch for any problems with liver function with the use of Depakote and thyroid function with the use of Lithium. Each person reacts differently to the medications, so if one does not work for you or if there are side effects that don’t subside, your doctor can suggest another. A newer mood stabilizer that is being used is Neurontin. Neurontin does not need to be followed by blood tests, has very few side effects, and is virtually impossible to overdose on. Depression is treated with anti-depressants, but they are usually used with a mood stabilizer. An anti-depressant without a mood stabilizer can cause you to go into a manic episode. Some of the most common anti-depressants are Prozac, Paxil, Wellbutrin, and Effexor. Most of these medications increase the re-uptake of serotonin, a needed chemical in the brain. Anti-depressants can take several weeks to start working, so sometimes your doctor may order something to help you with agitation, anxiety or sleep in the meantime. Even though the first drug given to you usually works, it is common to go through several anti-depressants before finding the one that works best for you. No matter what the drug, treatment for bipolar disorder is no easy thing. Patients often have difficulty accepting what is essentially a permanent change in their lifestyles. They also may resent ending or limiting manic episodes, since they regard them as wonderful periods of positive energy rather than as symptoms. These beliefs may be so strong that patients refuse to take their medication (Bipolar†¦ 3).Stopping one medications will eventually cause them to drop into the depths of depression or go over the edge in mania. As many as one-fifth of the estimated three million people in the United States who develop bipolar disorder eventually find the emotional ride intolerable and kill themselves†¦Repeated forays into both mania and depression, however, lay waste to marriages, friendships, and other social ties (Bower 233). If medications are not working fast enough for one , A persons doctor may recommend ECT (electroconvulsive therapy). For psychotic depression it is most often the most safest and effective treatment. It is also used for medication resistant depressions. It is has improved over the years and is very safe. Medications are the most important treatment in bipolar disorder, but in order to heal the damage done during the depression and mania, psychotherapy must come into play. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is one method that works as well as medication in acute cases of depressions, but not so well on chronic depression.† the depressed individual can be taught to substitute positive thoughts for negative thoughts in response to cues that trigger symptoms of depression. (Sundel 225). Negative cognitions beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, or emotions can be the most common symptoms of depression. CBT works best if you are willing to work at it. Because CBT emphasizes the acquisition of emotional problem-solving skills, it is quite labour-intensive and requires that patients possess insight, motivation, and the capacity to concentrate. This may limit its applicability to a more heterogeneous bipolar population(Zaretsy 494). The most dangerous self-treatment a person can do is not staying on their medications. Several others are sleep deprivation and St. John’s Wort. Sleep deprivation and disruptions in sleep can be very dangerous to a person with bipolar disorder. According to Dr. Ellen Frank, professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Western psychiatric Institute and Clinic, For reasons we have yet to learn, people with bipolar disorder seem to have more delicate internal clock mechanisms (Sleep†¦ 1). Caution must be used with sleep deprivation therapy, because manic episodes often follow the end of a depressive episode. Extensive literature indicates that sleep deprivation can precipitate an antidepressant response in depressed patients, and a manic episode in bipolar patients (Leibenluft 9). According to Kay Redfield Jamison, professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, who is has bipolar disorder, The incidence among creative people is 10 to 20 times greater than that of the general population (Lewis 1). And several recent studies, including Jamison’s own survey of 47 British writers and artists, support her hypothesis that creative individuals are especially subject to mood disorders and suicide (Even†¦ 22). Jamison’s work suggests that periods of creative productivity are preceded by an elevated mood. It is as if certain types of moods open up thought, allowing for greater creativity (Neihart 49). One article written in Harvard Business Review stated In our consulting experience during the last decade, we have found manic depressive executives at the top of some of the most successful U.S. companies as chairmen, CEOs, and senior VPs. They are also represented among the ranks of the United States’ most brilliant entrepreneurs. They are risk takers. They build empires. And they often become wealthy. High political office has always attracted its share of manic-depressive leaders, including Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln (Lieblich 4). This disorder did not stop them from attaining success in their lives. Their treatment is the basically the same as ours medication and therapy and yet they succeed. Bipolar disorder can be a very disabling illness caused by an inherited chemical imbalance of the brain. The extreme mood swings between mania and depression can interrupt a person’s life and their immediate family’s life. The mania or depression of bipolar disorder is treatable once stabilized with medications. Individual therapy, group therapy and behavior modification can also be helpful in maintaining stability in this disorder. Five things one must do daily that can help them to maintain and remain stable in this disorder are: taking their medication, get six to eight hours of sleep, eat three meals per day, drink plenty of fluids, and exercise. Many people with bipolar disorder are creative artist, actors and writers. Along with this creativity and genius there is madness, yet they find away to manage their disorder. Bipolar Disorder: A Treatable Illness. Psychopharmacology Update 5 #11 (Nov 94): 2-4 Bower, Bruce. Pushing the Mood Swings. Science News 157 #15 (Apr 2000): 232-234 Even Geniuses Get the Blues. Civilization 2 #3 (May/June 95): 22-23 Jamison, Kay Redfield. A World Apart. Newsweek Special Edition (Spring/Summer99): 79-80 Kahn, David A., Ruth Ross, A. John Rush, and Susan Panico. Expert Consensus Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Patients and Families. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57 #12A (1996) Lam, Y.W. Francis. Gabapentin, Lithium Coadministration May Alter Drug Clearance. Psychopharmacology Update 10 #8 (Aug 99): 1-2 Leibenluft, Ellen. Women and Bipolar Disorder: An Update. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 64 #1(Winter2000): 5-18 Leutwyler, Kristin. Coming Through Madness. Scientific American 273 #5 (Nov 95): 44-47 Lewis, Ricki. Evening out the Ups and Downs of Manic Depressive Illness. FDA Consumer (June 1996) Lieblich, Julia – Harvard Business Review. Managing a Manic Depressive. Harvard Business Review (May1994): 20 Neihart, Maureen. Creativity, The Arts, and Madness. Roeper Review 21 #1 (Sep 98): 47-51 Post Update the Genetics of Bipolar Disorder. Saturday Evening Post 271 (Jan 99) Prior Substance Abuse May Hinder Treatment For Bipolar Disorder. Outcomes Accountability Alert 5 #2 (Feb 2000): 5-6 Sleep Loss Can Trigger Mania. Reuters http://users.wantree.com.au/~fractal/fsleep.htm Sundel, Martin and Sandra S. Cognitive Restructuring Behavior Change in the Human Services fourth edition(l999): 225 Wetzel, Mary C. Strengths and Limits: Report by a Bipolar/Unipolar Self-Help Group. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 14 #4 (Apr 91): 81-86 Zaretsy, Ari E., Zindel V. Segal, and Michael Gemar. Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Pilot Study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 44 #5 (Jun 99): 491-494 Research Papers on Probable cause of bipolar disorderThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations

3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations 3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations 3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations By Mark Nichol Confusion sometimes ensues when writers are deciding whether a quotation merits capitalization. Here are three ways capitalization errors can result. 1. As someone once told me, â€Å"successful companies have multiple founding moments.† Occasionally, a writer will not capitalize the first word of a complete quoted statement preceded by an attribution, perhaps because of the assumption that the quotation, as part of a larger sentence, is not grammatically complete. However, despite the preceding attribution, the quotation is a complete sentence: â€Å"As someone once told me, ‘Successful companies have multiple founding moments.’† 2. The company released a support document addressing this issue and suggested that, â€Å"Moving the camera slightly to change the position at which the bright light is entering the lens should minimize or eliminate the effect.† The original quotation, as a stand-alone statement, is a complete sentence and should therefore be capitalized. But when it is incorporated grammatically into a larger sentence, it loses its self-sufficiency, and moving is not capitalized (and the comma preceding it is an error): â€Å"The company released a support document addressing this issue and suggested that ‘moving the camera slightly to change the position at which the bright light is entering the lens should minimize or eliminate the effect.’† 3. When you say there’s a special place in hell if you don’t support women, Smith says, â€Å"Is it only powerful women?† In this case, the question â€Å"Is it only powerful women?† is being combined with a paraphrase to form a new, more extensive question, though the two clauses are separated by an attribution. But because â€Å"is it only powerful women?† has been demoted from a sentence to a clause, the first word of that word string is not capitalized: â€Å"When you say there’s a special place in hell if you don’t support women, Smith says, ‘is it only powerful women?’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†Advance vs. Advanced

The Art of English Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Art of English - Assignment Example ART OF ENGLISH Cognitive and analytical ability is one of the major traits of human beings. Either any literary work or any creative work always tries to convey something. Be it a sculptor, drawing, painting, literary work, news, blogs or even advertisement. In the past, communication used to take place via conventional means such as poetry, novels, short stories, performing or fine arts, sculptors, signs etc. In modern days lots of smart options are available for communication purpose. The creator wants to convey his ideas to the audience. Sometimes the ideas are abstract and subjective. The message in literary work many times contains lot of ambiguity and so the readers or the audience try to find out the meaning as per their comprehension. The poet, painter, artist writer are the people, who always try to live in their own world and generally their creative work does not aim at awakening people, or informing them. Of course some exceptional cases are there. While analysing the work of an artist, one can observe the degree of creativeness and literariness. The creativity can be found both in textual analyses of poetic form as well as in the interactional functions. â€Å"The Art of English: Literary Creativity,† creativity is defined as the skill level of the writer in areas such as â€Å"sounds, words, phrases, and overall linguistic form† (Goodman & O’Halloran, 2006) Literariness is associated with different kinds of literature like poetry, short stories, novels etc. These are of course the conventional forms of literature. The modern forms consist of pamphlets, websites, blogs, print media advertising etc. According to the textbook entitled â€Å"The Art of English: Everyday Creativity,† in order to perform a complete textual analysis, a linguistic analysis, interactional analysis, and ethnographic analysis are needed (Maybin &Swann, 2006, p.429). Linguistic analysis looks at the individual language elements such as metaphors, word usage, repetition, parallelism, etc., (Maybin &Swann, 2006, p.429). The te xtual analysis of any work consists of some major elements: Analysis of the Rhetorical Context Analysis of Textual features The place of the text in a new context Analysis of the rhetorical context: The poem I chose for this discussion is â€Å"Lady of Shallot,† by Alfred Lord Tennyson. This is one of the most appreciated works within the literary world. Alfred Tennyson was born on 6th August 1809 and he was a poet laureate in United Kingdom during the reign of the Queen. He is regarded as one of the most popular poets in English literature. He was also considered as the major representative of Victorian Age. Basically the poem is a piece of literature so the target audience to whom he wants to communicate his ideas through the poem is the specific audience. The poem is not written for everyone, but for the people of literary circle. Analysis of the textual features: Apparently looking it seems to be a tragic story of a lady who had been living in solitude and she had been in carcerated in a castle of â€Å"four gray walls and gray towers.† The gray colour itself is associated with the gloomy and sad mood. It represents the gloominess of the lady’s life. One can analyse the poem from different perspectives. There is no limit for imaginations while reading and analysing the poem. The readers come to know richness of the poetry in its conceptual implications. The love and freedom of Lady of Shallot resulted into her own destruction. The poem is a journey of a lady from tranquillity to turmoil, sustainability to decay. It is the tragedy of a lady, who initiates a triumphal move to engagement with life. The

Guns and school violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Guns and school violence - Essay Example that any profile of a student shooter would fit too many students, since it has emerged that while some are children of divorcees, others are loners while still others are children of an ideal American family (Cavanaugh, et al, 317). However, the fundamental aspect of the Guns and school violence is the fact that; as opposed to the act of shooting the students being a snap action, the acts of shooting other students have been found to be premeditated and planned, since the student shooters were found to acquire the weapons well in advance, and even follow a considerable public path of violence (Redding and Sarah, 297). While some of the student shooters were found to plan their acts quietly, others were found to make their plans well known over a period of time, through consistent threats that eventually turn into the actualization of the violent act of shooting. The major concern is the motivating factors that drive the gun violence to increase at such a significant rate in schools. While it is worrying to think that guns can find way into schools and be used for violence perpetration, the truth is that the case is affirmative, and the incidences are even higher than could be anticipated. In fact, such occurrences have made many students and parents fear schools, preferring to undertake their learning at homes or in different private settings. According to the indicators of school crime and safety 2011 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 6% of high school students in the USA stayed home for the feeling of being insecure either at school or on their way to school (Cavanaugh, et al, 322). This fact serves to indicate how the gun and school violence have affected the education sector in the USA, and it is threatening to paralyze public learning, especially in areas where crimes and gang violence are rampant. The report also indicated that around 7% of students in school between 9th and 12th grade admitted to have been threatened with a weapon within the

Education Is Jkey to Sucess Essay Example for Free

Education Is Jkey to Sucess Essay Change is the essence of life said one philosopher, and keeping phase with the change is the meaning of education. There are different connotations of education. One is formal education and other is the daily education. Education is not only classroom studies but learning. In many cases what we study at class is completely different from what we practice outside. We may study the outdated technology or the old philosophy, to live in the present world we have to learn quickly what is happening in front of our eyes and try to understand it. We have seen children, always active, curious and full of vigor. the reason for that attitude is their interest in learning new things and to know the world. So they are quick learners and they enjoy life even better than us and are happier than us. So it is the innate of a person to educate himself to the changes. If he fails to do that he trails in the race of life. So education plays very important role in the nation building too. The rate of development of the country depends on the educated human resource of that nation. The educated human resource possess global competency and global etiquette. So it is the education which is the real GDP growth of the country and the investment on education is the real investment which will bear rich dividends than any other type of investments. We can learn from history how countries have progressed through their strong education system. take example of US, EUROPE and other developed countries, the universities are the real technology generators and industries are the buyers of the technology. Education is the inevitable investment the state has to do on its subjects to sustain itself and to be in the race to the global superpower. The so called global powers have invested on education so much, now they are tasting the fruit of that tree which they planted long ago. The countries instead of investing on defense and arms, if they invest on education, it will certainly pay back in large scale.

The Black Death :: Disease, Plague

The Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemic that hit Europe in history. The Black Death first emerged in the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348 (Gottfried,1). The plague came from several Italian merchant ships which were returning to Messina. Several sailors on board were dying of an unknown disease and a few days after arriving in Messina, several residents within and outside of Messina were dying as well (Poland 1). The Black Death was as deadly as it was because it was not limited by gender, age, or species. The Black Death was also very deadly because it could attack in three different forms: the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague. Even though the bubonic plague can not be transmitted among humans, it was the most common of the three plagues. The bubonic plague occurs when fleas feed on the blood of infected rodents, which are usually rats (Poland 1). The bacterium that causes the infection is known as Yersenia Pestis. The fleas then pass the bacteria when they bite a human or when materials infected with Yersenia pestis directly enters the body through a wound. The names of this plague come from the swellings, also known as buboes, that appeared on a victim’s neck, armpits, or groin (Gottfried,1).The lymph nodes suddenly become painful and swollen with pus especially in the groin. Later, the skin splits and oozes pus and blood. Blood also comes out of the victim’s urine which, like the rest of the symptoms, smells horribly. These swellings (also known as tumors) could be as small as an egg or as big as an apple. Even though some people survived this disease, others would have a life expectancy of a week. The septicemic plague was transmitted in the same way as the bubonic plague. The septicemic plague was transmitted with direct contact with a flea bite. The only three hosts in which the disease could live in were in humans, rats, and fleas (Inspecta 1). Inside the rat flea, the bacteria Yersenia pestis multiply inside the flea which in turn, blocks the flea’s stomach causing it to be very hungry. As a result, the flea starts biting the host vigorously which in turn would spread the plague to the host. Since the bacterium is still blocking the flea’s stomach, the flea would still be hungry and therefore it would continue to bite other humans until it starves to death.

Qantas Airlines Essay

Introduction Qantas Airlines, initially known as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited (QANTAS), was founded by two former war pilots, Wilmot Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinness, in 1920 at Queensland, Australia. Qantas is the flag carrier airline for Australia and it is the second oldest airlines in the world. Qantas Airlines headquarters is located in Mascot, Sydney, New South Wales with its major hub at Sydney Airport. The airline began with joy flights in 1920 and by 1922, they carried 871 passengers and logged 54,000 km without severe damage. It also began its airmail service between Charleville and Cloncurry which was their first ever to be scheduled in 1922. In 1935, Qantas operated its first international flight which was a regular four-day trip from Brisbane to Singapore. It has now become Australia’s largest domestic and international airlines with much development. Qantas started advertising via television. It was a television campaign which started in 1967 through a few decades with it targeting American citizens. The ad was a huge success as it was named as one of the greatest commercial of all times. The airlines also promoted its brand by sponsoring a handful of sports team. Qantas is the principal contributor of the â€Å"Qantas Wallabies†, Australia’s national Union Rugby team and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix. It also sponsors the Australian’s national association football team, Socceroos and recently made a deal with Cricket Australia to be the main backer of the Australian national cricket team. Qantas had become so significant that the government bought over it back in 1947 which is a year after the Australian Airlines was formed. Unfortunately, Australian Airlines had a major issue which led to Qantas b eing sold. Qantas was then privatised and since then it has continued to mature despite fighting financial crisis and global turndown for aviation. To regain profit, Qantas have produce subsidiaries such as Jetstar Airways which is Qantas’ low-cost carrier. CEO Alan Joyce was pleased to announce Qantas’ best profit ($250 mil.) since the global financial crisis in 2011, even though the airlines and the aviation suffered from some challenges. Despite everything, it is undeniable that Qantas is regarded as the world’s leading long distance airline and one of the strongest brands in Australia.

Different Human Resources Practices Among Different Cultures

Culture according to Harper (2001) from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning â€Å"to cultivate. Culture generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures according to Vaughn and Rodney 2006) can be â€Å"understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another†. Culture has been called â€Å"the way of life for an entire society.† It includes codes of manners, religion dress, language, rituals and norms of behavior such as law and morality, and systems of belief as well as the art. Main Body Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that is passed down from generation to generation. Culture varies from different communities and different populations in the world. Religion plays a key role to our culture different religions have different practices. Religion can dictate the dresscode, working hours including breaks, working days.A country like United States of America where they are liberal when it comes to religion does not really dictate the dress code. The dress code varies from company to company depending on the kind of work they do from Casual to formal wear to all sexes. Unlike Muslim religion dominated countries where all women are supposed to cover their heads at all times and sometimes dresses in a specific gown. Morality varies from culture to culture and it plays a big role for religion . Some organizations may consider premarital pregnancy an immoral issue while some will not see it as an issue.Marriage plays a role to religion. Culture makes human resources practices to differ from the languages used officially by the countries . Example an English speaking country may find it difficult to adapt to the French speaking culture habbits if they are sta ting in the French speaking country. Both parties may have a language barrier in the ways they translate their English, two they are certain practices by this two different cultures of which none of the parties are not used to example hugging and a kiss on the cheek may seem to be unprofessional to one of the parties unlike to the other.Politics and the political system of a country or a territory vary from different communities and in different cultures. The human resources practices also depend on the system of governance of a territory or a country. The political system contributes a lot to how an organization sets its policies and practices. Such human resource practices include when the financial year starts, rates of taxation, maternity leave for the women, religious to statutory holidays and also working hours.Human resources practices also depend on the organization culture which is affected by the founder of the organization. Most of the human resource practices depend on h ow the organization was founded and the beliefs and values of the founding team were. Example if the founders did not belief in certain dress codes like no trousers suits for women it happens that is habit is carried forward down to generations. This is called the founder syndrome and it tends to become corporate culture of the organisation.Corporate culture according to Hill and Jones (2001)comprises the attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values of an organization. It has been defined as â€Å"the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. Organizational values are beliefs and ideas about what kinds of goals members of an organization should pursue and ideas about the appropriate kinds or standards of behavior organizational members should use to achieve these goals.

The Asian Pacific Americans

The Asian Pacific Americans Watershed Years and the Effects of the Second World War in APA Communities A watershed is the period during which the World War II took place from 1939 to 1945. The war initiated many major changes in the history of the Asian Pacific Americans in all aspects of their lives. The self-esteem and confidence of the Asian Pacific Americans increased and many citizens of America saw an emergence of democracy and liberty. This resulted in a situation where the Asian Pacific Americans as well as other non- Native Americans in the country enjoyed more rights and opportunities than before.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Asian Pacific Americans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the period acted as a bridge in the lives of many Asian Pacific Americans from a state where they experienced racial discrimination, prejudice, and oppression to an era where discrimination and oppression reduced. It was an age when Native Amer icans worked together with the Asian Pacific Americans and accorded each other fair and just treatment. The Second World War brought all Americans and Asians together irrespective of their race. Hence, the unity occasioned by the Second World War compelled the state to review the rights accorded to the Asian Pacific Americans. Human rights activists and the state encouraged non-Americans, which included Asians, to take up good and well paying jobs that were previously undertaken by the Native Americans. The issue of racial and gender discrimination subjected by the Native Americans on the Asian Pacific Americans reduced, and all the members of the Asian Pacific Americans living in the country started receiving equal treatment from employers and other service providers. Human rights activists and other special interest groups campaigned for the rights and equal treatment of non-Americans including the Asian Pacific Americans. In one of the instances, New York mayor and President Roos evelt’s wife negotiated with business people in Washington so that they would hire many Asians and Africans in well paying jobs. This was a good example of human rights activists’ role in promoting fairness and justice to all the American people regardless of their places of origin or race. Thus, employers who underpaid or overworked the Asian Pacific Americans reduced, and this increased the level of equality and opportunities among the Asian Pacific Americans and women. The Second World War brought the America and China together. The main objective of their unity was to win the war. This increased the self-confidence and self-esteem of the Asian Pacific Americans because they started receiving some level of respect from the natives. The adoption of capitalism in the United States further increased the social standing and the economy of America a factor that motivated many Asians to visit America. Professor Ronald Takaki notes that during the period many Asians witnes sed economic developments and growth. Thus, the livelihoods of the Asian Pacific Americans improved, their self-confidence increased, and the respect accorded to them by Native-Americans rose. America became an imperial and superpower, its economy grew, and many Asian Pacific Americans who formed the larger portion of visitors to the country started enjoying high wages and salaries.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The United States and China united with the objective of winning the Second World War. During the period, the livelihoods of the Asian Pacific Americans changed. State officials brought about changes to minimize the levels of controls that barred Asian immigrants from visiting or living in America. Additionally, laws governing interactions and intermarriages between Asians and Americans were relaxed as opposed to the previous stringent and straitjackets rules that did not permit intermarriages. Magnuson Act was very instrumental in bringing discrimination subjected to Asians living in America to an end. However, it was not until after the Second World War that the Native Americans started respecting and appreciating the Asian Pacific Americans, and thus the magnitude of prejudice experienced by Asians in America reduced. Asian Pacific American Immigration in early 19th century and Post-65 In the early 19th century, many Asians who visited America were successful and wealthy artisans or traders. However, California gold rush initiated mass immigration of Asians in America. The majority of the immigrants were unskilled and either low or middle-income earners. As opposed to the previous wealthy and successful traders who enjoyed good reception from Native Americans, these immigrants went through gender and racial discrimination from Native Americans. The natives changed their attitudes concerning Asians Pacific Americans, and hence subjected them to cold and unreceptive experiences. Regardless of the challenges that Asians went through, they continued coming to America in high numbers, and even started forming towns and centers, which bore their names like Chinese towns. However, some Asians who could not stand the experiences subjected to them returned back to their countries. Therefore, the number of immigrants and Asian Americans reduced drastically. In the mid of the19th century, the United States experienced a high level of immigration of Asians because of the gold rush in the state of California. Initially, the United States barred the immigration Asians. The country passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prevented further immigration of Asians especially Chinese from visiting America. Chinese Exclusion Act dictated that Asians did not have the permission to own land or even marry Caucasian women. However, the experiences of the Asian Pacific Americans changed in 1965 when the state passed the Immigration Act into law. The law permitted Asians to visit or even stay in America and championed for equal treatment of the Asian Pacific Americans. In 1965, there was a radical change in the American government. The state amended immigration rules and regulations meant to discourage Asians, Latin Americans, and Africans from visiting the country. Therefore, people from these countries could visit America with ease. Human rights and other civil activists championed for the rights of Asians and other Non-Americans to leaders such as Jeff Kennedy and London Johnson.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Asian Pacific Americans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, discrimination on Asians went down, and so they began receiving good and fair treatment from a majority of Native Americans. The civil activists, human rights activists, and the state started enacting laws that encouraged equal treatment of all the citizens living in America regardless of their gender or race. A good example is the Immigration and Nationality Act, which was passed by the state in 1965. The act initiated a turning point for many immigrants to America such as Asians and Latin Americans. The pressure from activists such and enlightenment of the citizens living in America on the importance of respect and effects of discrimination led to enactment of rules and regulations. These rules ensured that the Asians Pacific Americans received fair and just treatment from all the citizens living in America. In addition, the Magnuson Act further aided Asian the Pacific Americans, as it permitted their immigration to the United States. The state legislations minimized the problems encountered by Asian visiting the country. The landmark act of immigration in 1965 saw a tremendous increase in the demographics of Asian Americans who were mostly Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Indians, and Philippines. Wars like the first and the second world wars also affecte d the livelihoods of Asian Americans. The effects occurred because of America’s involvement in the war. The effects include family reunions, and increased understanding between Asians and Americans, respect between individuals living in and out of the United States. Post-65 Era Immigrant Experiences and how they Have Reshaped APA Communities Post-65 era was a period characterized by many changes regarding Asian Pacific Americans or Asians in America. One of the most notable changes witnessed in the era was the enactment of the Immigration Act that permitted the Asians to visit the country. The period also saw a reduction on the discrimination of Asian Pacific Americans. Another factor that increased immigration of Asians to America was the gold rush. Before the gold rush, America usually received a number of Asians who were wealthy, skilled, and successful traders. Their level of participation in the affairs relating to America was minimal. During that period, there were high levels of racial and gender discrimination. The gold rush became a major motivating factor to the Asian Pacific Americans. The event took place in the state of California and became one of the factors that increased the Asian populations in America. The Second World War was also another factor that brought many individuals together and acted as a uniting factor especially between countries. For instance, during the Second World War, the United States and China became allies. Therefore, the era was a turning point for Asians living or visiting America since many positive changes occurred during the period. As the Asian Pacific Americans experienced cultural changes as they migrated and stayed in America. The Asian Pacific Americans had to change their cultures from Eastern culture to western culture, which reflect the American culture. They started to establish towns that had the names of their native countries. A good example is the formation of Chinese towns by the Chinese individ uals living in America.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During this time, there was a clash of culture, living styles, and other social aspects. Comparatively, Americans were more liberal and less conservative than Asians were because of their level of civilization. The interaction of the eastern and western cultures led to the development of a hybrid culture, which reflects cultural values and norms of both the Asians and Americans. Therefore, the interactions led to a relaxation of culture, alteration of the ways living, change in norms, and adoption of foreign cultures. Children from that period faced the challenge of either remaining loyal to their culture or adopting the new lifestyles of America. In some instances, the individuals behaved in a manner that demonstrated bicultural lifestyles. The challenges of cultural identities faced by the Asian Pacific Americans led to inter-generational conflicts. Intergenerational conflicts occur where there is a rapid change in cultural and social lifestyles in a population due to demographic factors. The conflicts cut across many generations of Asians in America. The first and second generations were likely to stick to the values of their homelands. However, the subsequent generations would not continue to uphold values, norms, and lifestyles. Conversely, they were likely to adopt new lifestyles and cultures. This resulted in some kind of inter-generational conflict. Since the Asians form one of the largest groups found in America, they are highly susceptible to the effects of culture change. In addition, intermarriages between Asians and Americans have led to the birth of a new generation of individuals who are neither Asians nor Native Americans. Thus, intergenerational conflicts just like any other socio-cultural change would continue. In this view, the culture of the young people among the Asian Pacific Americans is not similar to that of the old people because of the generational changes.

Could, Should, and Would

Could, Should, and Would Could, Should, and Would Could, Should, and Would By Mark Nichol Is it a coincidence that the etymologically unrelated but closely associated words could, should, and would look and sound nearly the same? Mostly yes, with a little bit of no. Could derives from the Old English word cuà °e, the past tense of cunnan, meaning â€Å"to be able†; the present-tense form is can. The terminal spelling and pronunciation changed to d in the fourteenth century, but unlike in the case of should and would, which naturally developed their similar appearance (they already rhymed), could was manipulated by the insertion of additional letters to match the other words. (The obsolete character in the Old English form is an eth, pronounced like th. Yes, that means that the word was pronounced â€Å"cooth.† That similarity to couth is not a coincidence; couth, also derived from cunnan, originally meant â€Å"known.† Supplanted by could hundreds of years later, couth reemerged in the late nineteenth century as a back-formed antonym of uncouth meaning â€Å"sophisticated.† Cunning is also related.) Should evolved from sceolde, the past tense of the Old English word sceal, which meant â€Å"ought to† or â€Å"must† as well as â€Å"owe† and shifted in sense while still in its Middle English form so that it referred to the future as well as an obligation; the latter Old English word is the derivation of shall. Would comes from the Old English term wolde, past tense and past subjunctive of willan, meaning â€Å"to will,† and is the past tense of will. The phrases â€Å"could have,† â€Å"should have,† and â€Å"would have† are often contracted (in speech if not in writing) to could’ve, should’ve, and would’ve; slang variants are coulda, shoulda, and woulda. Other contractions based on phrases that bring these words together with not are couldn’t, shouldn’t, and wouldn’t. These contractions sometimes puzzle English-language learners because, for consistency, the latter should be styled could’n’t and so on. Couldn’t’ve and the like are natural progressions of this form but should be reserved for informal writing. Could-have, should-have, and would-have are nouns, usually in plural form, that refer to what could, should, or would have happened under different circumstances than those that actually existed. (Note the hyphens that distinguish these nouns from the verb phrases that inspired them.) Another development is the adjective would-be, which denotes someone who wishes to be or pretends to be something other than what he or she is. Could, should, and would can also confound nonnative speakers because they can be used to refer both to the past (as in â€Å"As I child, I would visit my grandparents every summer†) and the future (as in â€Å"I would do it again if I had the chance†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†How Long Should a Synopsis Be?

Corporations can never be moral entities Assignment

Corporations can never be moral entities - Assignment Example Other than this, the interest of the shareholders and stakeholders also need to be followed so as to improve the reputation and brand image of the organization in a market among others (Parker & Pearson, 2005). Not only this, if the business operations are maintained and controlled in an ethical way, only then its rate of sustainability might increase in the market. Side by side, its range of customers might increase thereby improving its profit margin and revenue as well. Thus, it might be stated that CSR is the procedure of continuous commitment over the issues of the organization, so as to improve the quality of life of the employees as well as the economic condition of the association. Only then, the level of conflict among the management and employees might get reduced resulting in improvement of the level of performance of the employees (Howell, 2010). The prime theme of this essay is to describe a brief understanding over the concept of corporate responsibility. It also focuse s on the fact that for what reasons an organization might never become a moral entity with the help of varied ethical theories in a vivid way. Discussion Meaning of Business Ethics Ethics is described as the set of rules and regulations, values and principles followed by an individual. These rules and regulations also help a human being to determine, whether the action is right or wrong. Other than this, ethics is also defined as the activities that might be accepted by the law as well as the other citizens of a country. Not only this, ethics is also recognised as the morals and beliefs that might be used to detect or interpret any specific situation (Wilkinson & Gollan, 2001). And when such types of legal behaviour or principles are utilized within organizational activities, then it is also known as business ethics. Business ethics play a vital role in maintaining the operations of an organization in an effective or positive way. Only then, the profit margin as well as the loyalty of the stakeholders or customers might get enhanced to a considerable extent in the entire market among others. However, in maximum cases, the corporations or organization fail to operate or maintain its functions in an ethical way. It is mainly due to faulty principles, rules and regulations and operations that reduce its chances to become a moral entity (Crane & Matten, 2007). Theories of Ethics There are many theories of ethics present but some of them might be described as below: Theory of Deontology According to this theory, the most vital aspect of human being is moral rules and regulations, which are unbreakable in nature. This theory states that, some of the individual do not think of the nature of the consequence, at the time of performing the activity. Although, the consequence of the activity may not be accurate, the individual would strict to his or her morals and values (Carroll, 2004). As a result, he or she would perform the accurate action, without thinking of the co nsequence. Such type of morals is extremely essential within the managers or leaders of the organizations operating in recent age.